مجله دیابت و متابولیسم ایران
سال بیست و سوم شماره 4 (پیاپی 113، مهر و آبان 1402)

Fetuin-A, as a hepatokine, plays an important role in the regulation of whole-body metabolism, which is increased with chronic diseases. Therefore, the aim of this meta-analysis is to investigate the effect of exercise training on Fetuin-A levels in individuals with metabolic and kidney diseases.

A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases until November 2022 using the keywords "exercise training" and "Fetuin-A". To determine the effect size, standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence interval were calculated using CMA2 software. Heterogeneity was evaluated using the I2 test, and publication bias was evaluated by visual interpretation of the funnel plot and Egger's test. The quality of the included studies was evaluated using the PEDRO checklist.

A total of 16 studies including 21 trials arms and 554 subjects with type 2 diabetes, obesity and kidney disease were included in the meta-analysis. Exercise training resulted in a significant decrease in Fetuin-A levels [-0.93 (CI: -1.35 to -0.51) P= 0.001]. There was a high heterogeneity (I2= 89.24, P= 0.001) and also a significant publication bias (P= 0.001). The results of subgroup analysis based on the type of exercise training showed that aerobic training resulted in a significant decrease in Fetuin-A (P= 0.001) while the reduction of this marker with combined training was not significant (P= 0.33).

Exercise training, especially aerobic training, results in a decrease in Fetuin-A levels in metabolic patients, which may be contributed to the beneficial effects of exercise.

Diabetes is associated with hormonal and biochemical changes, and with the production of free radicals and oxidative stress, it plays an important role in the occurrence of many metabolic injuries. Garlic plant and kombucha mushroom play a major role in the prevention and treatment of complications caused by oxidative stress due to their antioxidant and anti-apoptotic properties.

40 male Wistar rats, divided into five groups of eight, including: control (diabetic and receiving citrate buffer), Negative control group (diabetic, with 55 mg/kg of streptozotocin intraperitoneally), experimental group 1 (diabetic and receiving 50 mg/kg garlic extract), experimental group 2 (diabetic and receiving 50 mg/kg kombucha mushroom) and experimental group 3 (diabetic and receiving 50 mg/kg kombucha mushroom and 50 mg/kg of garlic extract) were divided. After two months passed after the mice became diabetic, the extracts were injected subcutaneously for two weeks. After that, the rats were anesthetized with ketamine and xylisine, and blood was taken directly from the heart.

The Negative control group had higher glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol and LDL and lower insulin and HDL than the control group. The treatment groups of garlic, kombucha and garlic + kombucha caused a significant decrease in glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride and LDL levels and a significant increase in HDL and insulin compared to the Negative control group (p < 0.05). The highest therapeutic effect was shown by the garlic + kombuja group.

The combined extract of kombucha and garlic has favorable effects on sugar control and reducing cholesterol and Triglyceride.

Physical activity and exercise training are known as an integral part of weight management and control in overweight or obese people. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of high intensity interval training (HIIT) and intense resistance training on asprosin and C1q/tumor necrosis factor related protein1 (CTRP1) serum levels in overweight and obese men.

In this semi-experimental study, 31 overweight and obese men were randomly divided into three groups: HIIT training (n=10), intense resistance training (n=11) and control (n=10). The subjects of the experimental groups performed HIIT exercises and intense resistance exercises three times a week for nine weeks. Before and after the intervention, blood samples were taken to measure the serum concentration of asprosin and CTRP1 from the subjects. Analysis of covariance test was used to analyze the data and the significance level was considered as p_value less than 0.05.

The concentration of asprosin in the HIIT group (p=0.013) and intense resistance training (p=0.042) decreased significantly compared to the control group. No significant difference in CTRP1 concentration was observed between groups. However, the concentration of CTRP1 in the HIIT group decreased significantly in the post-test compared to the pre-test.

HIIT training and resistance training in overweight and obese men led to a decrease in asprosin levels. Considering the changes in asprosin, CTRP1 and other anthropometric indicators and lipid profiles, HIIT training seems to have a better efficiency in overweight and obese men.

Several proteins regulate the autophagy pathway, and one of the most important regulators is the BECLIN family proteins. Therefore, this research aims to investigate the effect of high-intensity interval training on the amount of BECLIN1/2 family autophagy proteins in the left ventricle of the heart of rats with type 1 diabetes. 

In this experimental study, 18 three-month-old male Sprague Dawley rats with an average weight of 300±20 grams were selected. 12 rats were diagnosed with type 1 diabetes through intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin solution. These rats were randomly divided into two groups, diabetic exercise, and diabetic control; A healthy control group was also considered; The HIIT was performed for 6 weeks and 4 sessions each week including 5 bursts of 4 minutes with an intensity equal to 85-95% of the maximum speed and 3-minute active rest periods with an intensity equal to 50-60% of the maximum speed. Data analysis was done through one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc tests in SPSS version 26 software. A significance level of 0.05 was considered.

The intracellular content of BECLIN1 and BECLIN2 protein showed a significant decrease between the research groups in the left ventricle of the heart after six weeks of HIIT (p=0.0001).

It seems that BECLIN family proteins are decreased by HIIT and this can decrease the autophagy mechanism in cardiac cells.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of aerobic exercise on the function of local renin-angiotensin system and insulin resistance in the Gastrocnemius muscle of type 2 diabetic mice.

The number of 18 male C57BL/6 mice were divided into two groups: 1. Mice fed with a standard diet for 12 weeks (control group), 2. Mice fed with a high-fat diet for 12 weeks with streptozotocin injection (diabetes group). Diabetic mice were randomly divided into two groups: 1. Diabetes-Sedentary group, 2. Diabetes-exercise group. The mice of the training group exercised on the treadmill for eight weeks and five days/week with an average speed of 19 m/min and for 45 minutes. 24 hours after the last training session, the mice were sacrificed. The Gastrocnemius muscle tissue was extracted and stored in -80°C freezer to measure the expression level of angiotensin 2, Mass receptor, At1 receptor and glucose transporter 4 (Glut 4).

The results showed that the expression of Mass and Glut4 receptor in diabetes-exercise mice was significantly higher than diabetes-sedentary group. Also, the expression of angiotensin 2, HOMA-IR, and fasting glucose in the muscle of diabetes-exercise mice were significantly lower vs. diabetes-sedentary mice. Also, the expression of At1 receptor in the diabetes-exercise group was insignificantly lower than in the diabetes-sedentary group.

The findings of the present study show the important role of exercise in improving the local renin-angiotensin system in skeletal muscle. Eight weeks of aerobic training can reduce muscular insulin resistance and improve type 2 diabetes by decreasing the expression of angiotensin 2, At1 receptor and increasing the Mass receptor.

Oxidative stress and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes are one of the factors in the development of cognitive disorders and Alzheimer's. So measuring the changes in beta amyloid gene expression and insulin resistance as one of the prominent disorders in type 2 diabetes, following HIIT and thyme’s honey consumption is the aim of the research.

The present study was conducted with 36 young male Wistar rats, which were divided into 4 groups: control (C), interval training (T), thyme’s honey (H) and interval training-thyme’s honey (TH) was performed. The rats in the T and TH groups were trained for two months with intervals and intensity gradually increasing, and in the H and TH groups, they received 3 g/kg of thyme’s honey. Weight, fasting glucose and insulin were measured through the kit and insulin resistance index was done through the formula and gene expression were evaluated by RT-PCR. The findings were subjected to one-way and two-way ANOVA and Bonferroni's test.

Non-significant (NS) increase in weight, significant increase in insulin and significant decrease in gene expression in all intervention groups compared to C, significant decrease in fasting glucose in T and TH groups compared to C, significant decrease in insulin resistance in T group compared to other groups, NS increase was observed in group H and TH compared to C.

HIIT and thyme’s honey had synergistic effect to reduce glucose and beta-amyloid gene expression as a preventive strategy for the occurrence of pathological features related to Alzheimer's and memory impairment in diabetics.